Crece pensando en Venezuela,(Venezuela) es el espejo en que tu madre se ve cuando se peina.si eres malo con Venezuela, es lo mismo que si al espejo de ti madre lo quebraras con una piedra. siendo malo con Venezuela es posible que seas un sinvergüenza, o como tu dices un ajo.
Si eres bueno con Venezuela seras feliz y cuando te mires en el espejo en que tu madre se peina, encontraras tan guapo que le estarás agradecido al cristal del espejo hasta el cristal de tu llanto.
Aprende a decir nobles palabras.
Armando Zuloaga Blanco.
La llave de la montaña:
El guerrero fue a vivir con dios y con la montaña, cuando llegaron los hijos lo encontraron sin espada, el guerrero fue contando los arboles que corto, cuando iba con los soldados y los fue pegando a todos desde la raíz al nido y los fue pegando al nido y los fue pegando en arboles y en hijos.
A Natty Gabaldan
ANOTHER TEAM
UMBRAL DE FLOCULACIÓN: La experiencia se basó en la determinación del umbral de floculación de asfaltenos. Para éstos se contó con dos muestras de crudo de 3g aproximadamente cada una. Dichas muestras se añadieron a dos beackers de 50 mL cada uno, para luego ser tituladas con volúmenes de n-heptano. Seguido de cada titulación se tomó una muestra de crudo con un gotero y se dispuso de un papel de filtro para vaciar cada gota en él, y observar la formación de una aureola alrededor de cada mancha, esto demuestra la precipitación de los asfaltenos presentes en el crudo. A esto se le llama “el método de la mancha, resultando que los asfaltenos de los dos recipientes precipitaron a 3.7mL y 3.6mL de n-heptano, respectivamente, con los cuales se calculó los porcentajes de floculación y se obtuvo para el primer crudo 46.7% y para el segundo 45.83%. Estos dígitos se utilizaron para calcular el porcentaje de desviación, el cual es menor al 5%, lo que comprueba la alta precisión del método utilizado.
H. Laux, T. Butz and I. Rahimian
German Petroleum Institute
Thermogravimetric Investigation of the Influence of Colloidal Phase on the Processing Properties of Crude Oil Residues
Analyse thermogravimétrique de l'influence de la phase colloïdale sur les propriétés de traitement des résidus pétroliers
H. Laux, T. Butz and I. Rahimian
German Petroleum Institute
Abstract
An atmospheric residue, a vacuum residue, a visbreaking residue, the maltene fractions of the residues, mixtures of the atmospheric residue with the vacuum residue and the residue from the supercritical extraction of the vacuum residue as well as residues mixed with dispersing agents were investigated by thermogravimetry at three different heating rates. From that, the activation energies of the weight loss were estimated. At temperatures up to about 400°C the activation energy corresponds to the evaporation enthalpy, above 400°C to the cracking energy. Comparing the results the strenght of the interactions between colloid disperse phase and the components of dispersion medium was evaluated. It was found that besides the content of colloid disperse phase its stability has a significant influence on the properties of the residues, especially on the evaporation enthalpy. The stability of residues was investigated by the flocculation point determination. The obtained dependencies of evaporation enthalpies are also reflected in the yields of distillates and in the thermogravimetric residues at 500°C. Thermogravimetry proves to be an effective method for the determination of important parameters of processing of crude oil residues considering the influence of the colloidal character of these complex mixtures.
An atmospheric residue, a vacuum residue, a visbreaking residue, the maltene fractions of the residues, mixtures of the atmospheric residue with the vacuum residue and the residue from the supercritical extraction of the vacuum residue as well as residues mixed with dispersing agents were investigated by thermogravimetry at three different heating rates. From that, the activation energies of the weight loss were estimated. At temperatures up to about 400°C the activation energy corresponds to the evaporation enthalpy, above 400°C to the cracking energy. Comparing the results the strenght of the interactions between colloid disperse phase and the components of dispersion medium was evaluated. It was found that besides the content of colloid disperse phase its stability has a significant influence on the properties of the residues, especially on the evaporation enthalpy. The stability of residues was investigated by the flocculation point determination. The obtained dependencies of evaporation enthalpies are also reflected in the yields of distillates and in the thermogravimetric residues at 500°C. Thermogravimetry proves to be an effective method for the determination of important parameters of processing of crude oil residues considering the influence of the colloidal character of these complex mixtures.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Baker Petrolite Corporation, 12645 West Airport Blvd., Sugar Land, Texas 77478
PDVSA-INTEVEP, Caracas, Venezuela
Energy Fuels, 2005, 19 (1), pp 101–110
DOI: 10.1021/ef0499372
Publication Date (Web): October 23, 2004
Copyright © 2005 American Chemical Society
Abstract
Structural and compositional characterization of asphaltenes that were extracted from unstable crude oils, stable crude oils, and organic solid deposits was performed to elucidate their similarities and differences. A fractionation technique that divided the asphaltenes into different subfractions, based on polarity, was used to characterize these asphaltene samples. The parameters affecting the stability of these asphaltene subfractions were elucidated. The asphaltenes that were extracted from unstable crude oils and from solid deposits contained substantially greater portions of the higher polar fractions and have a higher polarity, compared to the asphaltenes obtained from crude oils with no asphaltene stability problems in the field. The dielectric constant, solubility, and flocculation experiments showed that these higher-polarity fractions have a greater tendency to aggregate and are more difficult to remediate. These results suggested that the presence of a certain type of asphaltene
particularly, a high-polarity asphaltenehas a key role in the stability of asphaltene in crude oils.
particularly, a high-polarity asphaltenehas a key role in the stability of asphaltene in crude oils.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Baker Petrolite Corporation, 12645 West Airport Blvd., Sugar Land, Texas 77478
PDVSA-INTEVEP, Caracas, Venezuela
Energy Fuels, 2005, 19 (1), pp 101–110
DOI: 10.1021/ef0499372
Publication Date (Web): October 23, 2004
Copyright © 2005 American Chemical Society
Characterization of Polarity-Based Asphaltene Subfractions
Abstract
Structural and compositional characterization of asphaltenes that were extracted from unstable crude oils, stable crude oils, and organic solid deposits was performed to elucidate their similarities and differences. A fractionation technique that divided the asphaltenes into different subfractions, based on polarity, was used to characterize these asphaltene samples. The parameters affecting the stability of these asphaltene subfractions were elucidated. The asphaltenes that were extracted from unstable crude oils and from solid deposits contained substantially greater portions of the higher polar fractions and have a higher polarity, compared to the asphaltenes obtained from crude oils with no asphaltene stability problems in the field. The dielectric constant, solubility, and flocculation experiments showed that these higher-polarity fractions have a greater tendency to aggregate and are more difficult to remediate. These results suggested that the presence of a certain type of asphalteneparticularly, a high-polarity asphaltenehas a key role in the stability of asphaltene in crude oils.
particularly, a high-polarity asphaltenehas a key role in the stability of asphaltene in crude oils. 
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